Har Gobind Khorana

Dr. Har Gobind Khorana
Born January 9, 1922 (1922-01-09) (age 89)
Raipur, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan)
Residence USA
Nationality American[1]
Fields Molecular Biology
Institutions MIT (1970 - )
University of Wisconsin, Madison (1960-70)
University of British Columbia (1952-60)
Cambridge University (1950-52)
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (1948-49)
Alma mater University of Liverpool (Ph.D.)
University of the Punjab (B.S.)(M.S.)
Known for First to demonstrate the role of Nucleotides in protein synthesis
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Medicine (1968)

Har Gobind Khorana, or Hargobind Khorana (Punjabi: ਹਰਿ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਖੁਰਾਨਾ , born January 9, 1922) is an Indian American molecular biologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966,[2] and subsequently received the National Medal of Science. He currently lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States serving as MIT's Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry, Emeritus.

Contents

Early life and Education

Khorana was born in Raipur, (now in Kabirwala Tehsil, Khanewal District), a village in Punjab, British India (now Pakistan). His father was the village "patwari", an equivalent of a taxation official. He was homeschooled by his father, and he later attended D.A.V. Multan High School. He finished his B.Sc. from Punjab University, Lahore in 1943 and M.Sc from Punjab University in 1945. In 1945, he began studies at the University of Liverpool. After earning a PhD in 1948, he continued his postdoctoral studies in Zürich (1948-49). Subsequently, he spent two years at Cambridge and his interests in proteins and nucleic acids took root at that time. In 1952 he went to the University of British Columbia, Vancouver and in 1960 moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1970 Khorana became the Alfred Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he worked until retiring in 2007. He is a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute, and currently holds Professor Emeritus status at MIT.

Family

Khorana married Esther Elizabeth Sibler,now deceased, who was of Swiss origin, in 1952.[3] They have three children: Julia Elizabeth (born May 4, 1953), Emily Anne (born October 18, 1954, died 1979), and Dave Roy (born July 26, 1958).[4]

Khorana’s work & Nobel Prize (Nobel Foundation link below)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) with two repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids. This, combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, showed that UCU codes for Serine and CUC codes for Leucine.

RNAs with three repeating units (UACUACUA → UAC UAC UAC, or ACU ACU ACU, or CUA CUA CUA) produced three different strings of amino acids.

RNAs with four repeating units including UAG, UAA, or UGA, produced only dipeptides and tripeptides thus revealing that UAG, UAA and UGA are stop codons.

With this, Khorana and his team had established that the mother of all codes, the biological language common to all living organisms, is spelled out in three-letter words: each set of three nucleotides codes for a specific amino acid. Their Nobel lecture was delivered on December 12, 1968. Khorana was also the first to synthesize oligonucleotides, that is, strings of nucleotides (see oligonucleotide synthesis). He was the first to isolate DNA ligase, an enzyme that links pieces of DNA together. These custom-designed pieces of artificial genes are widely used in biology labs for sequencing, cloning and engineering new plants and animals. This invention of Khorana has become automated and commercialized so that anyone now can order a synthetic gene from any of a number of companies—one merely needs to fax the genetic sequence to one of the companies to receive an oligonucliotide with the desired sequence.

References

  1. ↑ Britannica
  2. ↑ Britannica
  3. ↑ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/khorana-bio.html
  4. ↑ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/khorana-bio.html

External links

Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine

Max Theiler (1951) · Selman Waksman (1952) · Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann (1953) · John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins (1954) · Hugo Theorell (1955) · André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards (1956) · Daniel Bovet (1957) · George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg (1958) · Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg (1959) · Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar (1960) · Georg von Békésy (1961) · Francis Crick / James D. Watson / Maurice Wilkins (1962) · John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley (1963) · Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen (1964) · François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod (1965) · Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins (1966) · Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald (1967) · Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg (1968) · Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria (1969) · Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod (1970) · Earl Sutherland, Jr. (1971) · Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter (1972) · Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973) · Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade (1974) · David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin (1975)
Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present
United States National Medal of Science laureates
 
Biological sciences
1960s

1963: C. B. van Niel · 1964: Marshall W. Nirenberg · 1965: Francis P. Rous · George G. Simpson · Donald D. Van Slyke · 1966: Edward F. Knipling · Fritz Albert Lipmann · William C. Rose · Sewall Wright · 1967: Kenneth S. Cole · Harry F. Harlow · Michael Heidelberger · Alfred H. Sturtevant · 1968: Horace Barker · Bernard B. Brodie · Detlev W. Bronk · Jay Lush · Burrhus Frederic Skinner · 1969: Robert Huebner · Ernst Mayr
1970s

1970: Barbara McClintock · Albert B. Sabin · 1973: Daniel I. Arnon · Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. · 1974: Britton Chance · Erwin Chargaff · James V. Neel · James Augustine Hannon · 1975: Hallowell Davis · Paul Gyorgy · Sterling Brown Hendricks · Orville lvin Vogel · 1976: Roger C.L. Guillemin · Keith Roberts Porter · Efraim Racker · E. O. Wilson · 1979: Robert H. Burris · Elizabeth C. Crosby · Arthur Kornberg · Severo Ochoa · Earl Reece Stadtman · George Ledyard Stebbins · Paul Alfred Weiss
1980s

1981: Philip Handler · 1982: Seymour Benzer · Glenn W. Burton · Mildred Cohn · 1983: Howard L. Bachrach · Paul Berg · Wendell L. Roelofs · Berta Scharrer · 1986: Stanley Cohen · Donald A. Henderson · Vernon B. Mountcastle · George Emil Palade · Joan A. Steitz · 1987: Michael E. Debakey · Theodor O. Diener · Harry Eagle · Har Gobind Khorana · Rita Levi-Montalcini · 1988: Michael S. Brown · Stanley Norman Cohen · Joseph L. Goldstein · Maurice R. Hilleman · Eric R. Kandel · Rosalyn S. Yalow · 1989: Katherine Esau · Viktor Hamburger · Philip Leder · Joshua Lederberg · Roger W. Sperry · Harland G. Wood
1990s

1990: Baruj Benacerraf · Herbert W. Boyer · Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. · Edward B. Lewis · David G. Nathan · E. Donnall Thomas · 1991: Mary Ellen Avery · G. Evelyn Hutchinson · Elvin A. Kabat · Salvador Luria · Paul A. Marks · Folke K Skoog · Paul C. Zamecnik · 1992: Maxine Singer · Howard M. Temin · 1993: Daniel Nathans · Salome G. Waelsch · 1994: Thomas Eisner · Elizabeth F. Neufeld · 1995: Alexander Rich · 1996: Ruth Patrick · 1997: James D. Watson · Robert A. Weinberg · 1998: Bruce Ames · Janet Rowley · 1999: David Baltimore · Jared Diamond · Lynn Margulis
2000s

2000: Nancy C. Andreasen · Peter H. Raven · Carl Woese · 2001: Francisco J. Ayala · Mario R. Capecchi · Ann M. Graybiel · Gene E. Likens · Victor A. McKusick · Harold Varmus · 2002: James E. Darnell · Evelyn M. Witkin · 2003: J. Michael Bishop · Solomon H. Snyder · Charles Yanofsky · 2004: Norman E. Borlaug · Phillip A. Sharp · Thomas E. Starzl · 2005: Anthony Fauci · Torsten N. Wiesel · 2006: Rita R. Colwell · Nina Fedoroff · Lubert Stryer · 2007: Robert J. Lefkowitz · Bert W. O'Malley · 2008: Francis S. Collins · Elaine Fuchs · J. Craig Venter